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Original article
Available online 27 November 2025
Association between functional class and functional capacity measured by exercise stress test in patients with HFrEF
Asociación entre la clase funcional y la capacidad funcional medida mediante prueba de esfuerzo en pacientes con ICFEr
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Carla Oliveira Ferreiraa,,
Corresponding author
carla.rafaela@sapo.pt

Corresponding author.
, Eduarda Silvab,, Filipe Silva Vilelaa, Sofia Nogueira Fernandesa, Mónica Diasa, Inês Macedo Condea, Bárbara Rochaa, João Fariaa, Carlos Galvão Bragaa, Cátia Costa Oliveiraa,c,d
a Serviço de Cardiologia, Unidade Local de Saúde de Braga E.P.E., Braga, Portugal
b Escola de Medicina da Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Received 08 June 2025. Accepted 29 October 2025
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients included in the study and comparison of patient profiles according to NYHA functional class.
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Table 2. Analytical and echocardiographic characterization and comparison of patient profiles according to NYHA functional class.
Tables
Table 3. Assessment of exercise stress test parameters and their comparison according to NYHA functional class.
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Table 4. Distribution of functional capacity as determined by the exercise stress test, according to physician-assigned NYHA functional class.
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Table 5. Association between functional capacity (METs), NYHA and clinical variables.
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Abstract
Introduction and objectives

The New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification is widely used in clinical practice, the clinical and prognostic assessment of patients with heart failure. However, it remains a subjective classification. On the other hand, the exercise stress test is an accessible complementary examination that allows a more objective evaluation of a patient's functional capacity. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between physician-perceived NYHA classification and exercise capacity measured by an exercise test.

Methods

This was an observational, analytical and retrospective study that included 300 patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction <50% who underwent an exercise test between January 2018 and December 2022.

Results

The majority of patients were classified as NYHA functional class I (59.3%). The association between NYHA classes and functional capacity was 0.280 (P<.001). NYHA class was associated with functional capacity, explaining 14.0% of the variation in METs (partial eta2=0.140, P<.001). Adjusted mean METs were 7.77 (7.44–8.10) for NYHA I, 6.18 (5.76–6.59) for NYHA II, and 4.78 (3.52–6.04) for NYHA III. No association was found between NYHA classes and median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (P=.192) or heart rate recovery (P=.260).

Conclusions

NYHA classification was independently associated with exercise capacity. The association was modest, explaining only 14% of the variability. There was no significant association between NYHA classification and prognostic markers in heart failure, namely N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and heart rate recovery.

Keywords:
Heart failure
NYHA classification
Exercise stress test
Abbreviations:
HF
LVEF
NYHA
METs
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

La clasificación de la New York Heart Association (NYHA) se utiliza ampliamente en la práctica clínica para la evaluación clínica y pronóstica de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca. Sin embargo, sigue siendo una clasificación subjetiva. Por otro lado, la prueba de esfuerzo es un examen complementario accesible que permite una evaluación más objetiva de la capacidad funcional del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre la clasificación NYHA percibida por el médico y la capacidad funcional medida mediante una prueba de esfuerzo.

Métodos

Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo que incluyó a 300 pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo <50%, que se sometieron a una prueba de esfuerzo entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2022.

Resultados

La mayoría de los pacientes se clasificaron como clase funcional I de la NYHA (59,3%). La asociación entre las clases NYHA y la capacidad funcional fue de 0,280 (p<0,001). La clase NYHA se asoció con la capacidad funcional, explicando el 14,0% de la variación en los METs (eta parcial2=0,140; p<0,001). Los valores medios ajustados de METs fueron 7,77 (7,44-8,10) para NYHA I, 6,18 (5,76-6,59) para NYHA II y 4,78 (3,52-6,04) para NYHA III. No se encontró asociación entre las clases NYHA y los valores de la fracción aminoterminal del propéptido natriurético (p=0,192) ni con la recuperación de la frecuencia cardiaca (p=0,260).

Conclusiones

La clasificación de la NYHA se asoció de forma independiente con la capacidad de ejercicio. La asociación fue modesta, ya que solo explicaba el 14% de la variabilidad. No se observó ninguna asociación significativa entre la clasificación de la NYHA y los marcadores pronósticos de la insuficiencia cardiaca, concretamente la fracción aminoterminal del propéptido natriurético cerebral (tipo B) y la recuperación de la frecuencia cardiaca.

Palabras clave:
Insuficiencia cardiaca
Clasificación de la NYHA
Prueba de esfuerzo

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